silver nanoparticles caprine arthritic encephalitis

As JEV is incurable and the vaccination is not full-proof, an early diagnosis is critical in preventing an epidemic outbreak, especially since the initial symptoms are usually mistaken for dengue or malaria. Pigs play an important role and serve as an amplifier and have a natural infection rate of 98–100% 6.

It causes clinical symptoms in humans, including a non-specific febrile illness, meningitis, encephalitis and meningo-encephalitis. Most infections of JEV are asymptomatic, however, the case-fatality rate among those with encephalitis can be as high as 30%, or more in children. Culex mosquitos, while humans are the dead end host due to low and short-lived viremia of JEV 2– 5. JEV belongs to the family Flaviviridae genus Flavivirus 1 and exists in a zoonotic cycle between the vector i.e. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Avian Influenza Virus (AIV). In this article, we have focused on graphene-based biosensors for the detection of two different viruses by detecting their respective viral antigen i.e. The development of Point of Care (PoC) disease detection kits providing ultra-sensitive, selective, and rapid advances in recent times. Moreover, these devices can be easily integrated into miniaturized FET-based real-time sensors for the rapid, cost-effective, and early Point of Care (PoC) diagnosis of JEV and AIV. Along with ease of fabrication, the GraFET devices were highly sensitive, specific, reproducible, and capable of detecting ultralow levels of JEV and AIV antigen. The sensors were tested in the range of 1 fM to 1 μM for both JEV and AIV antigens, and showed a limit of detection (LOD) upto 1 fM and 10 fM for JEV and AIV respectively under optimised conditions. The change in the resistance due to antigen–antibody interaction was monitored in real time to evaluate the electrical response of the sensors.

The bioconjugation and fabrication process of GraFET was characterized by various biophysical techniques such as Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis), Raman, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

The novel sensing platform comprised of carboxy functionalized graphene on Si/SiO 2 substrate for covalent immobilization of monoclonal antibodies of JEV and AIV. Herein, a compact and user-friendly graphene field effect transistor (GraFET) based ultrasensitive biosensor has been developed for detecting Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) and Avian Influenza Virus (AIV). Graphene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial, has gained immense interest in biosensing applications due to its large surface-to-volume ratio, and excellent electrical properties.

Silver nanoparticles caprine arthritic encephalitis